摘要:随着就业形势的不断严峻,鼓励和推动大学生创业已成为当前政府和高校面临的重要课题。本文利用XX市本科和高职共六所院校在校大学生的调查数据,研究分析了XX市大学生的创业意愿现状;并运用线性回归模型,从个人因素、家庭因素、学校因素和政策环境因素四个方面对XX市大学生创业意愿的影响因素进行了考查。研究发现:有四分之一的大学生创业意愿强烈,总体来看XX市大学生的创业意愿强烈程度偏低,男性比女性创业意愿更加强烈,专科生的创业意愿强于本科生,年级越高创业意愿强烈程度越低,不同专业和不同户籍大学生的创业意愿强烈度差别不大;回归分析表明,年级、学校创业教育、创业实践、对政府创业政策的关注度等变量,对创业意愿的影响较显著。在校期间参加过创业教育和创业实践活动越多,学生的创业意愿更为强烈;对创业政策关注程度越高,越是表现出强烈的创业意愿。根据调查分析结果,文章提出了引导大学生积极创业的对策建议。包括:进一步丰富和加强关于大学生的创业教育;丰富大学生创业实践活动,营造良好的校园创业文化氛围;完善创业政策,加强大学生创业政策的宣传;加强政校企之间的合作,努力提高XX市大学生创业成功率等。
关键词:大学生;创业意愿;现状;影响因素;对策
Abstract:With the constantly severe employment situation, encouraging and motivating entrepreneurship has become a new topic that the current government and colleges and universities are facing with.This essay by using the survey data from the questionnaire of the undergraduate from six colleges of Changzhou, analysing the present entrepreneurial situation of Changzhou college students, and using linear regression method to analyze the factors that affect the students’entrepreneurial intentions. Found that a quarter of the student have strong entrepreneurial intentions, the overall level of entrepreneurial intention is low.Men’willingness of entrepreneurship are sronger than women.The junior college student is more like to do his own business than the undergraduate student.The higher grade, the lower level of entrepreneurial intentions. Different professional and different domicile place college students have no distinct difference in the entrepreneurial intentions. Regression analysis shows that grade variable, school education variable, business practices variable as well as the attention of national policy variable have obvious effects on the the will of the venture. The student who take entrepreneurial education courses and have more entrepreneurial activities have stronger entrepreneurial intentions.The more care about entrepreneurship policy, the stronger entrepreneurial intentions.
According to the survey results, this paper puts forward countermeasures and suggestions to guide students to take the adventure. Including that we should further enriched and strengthen the education of college students' business, enrich the university student's pioneering work practice, and build a good campus cultural atmosphere of the venture. Otherwise we need to perfect business policy, strengthen college students' venture policy propaganda and strengthen the political cooperation between enterprises.Trying our best to improve the success rate of changzhou university student's pioneering work, etc.
Key words: College students; Entrepreneurial Intentions; Current situation; Influencing factors; Countermeasures
本文在对国内外文献的调查中发现,从研究内容来看,国内外各学者这要从以下几个方面研究创业意愿的影响因素。首先,个体特征因素方面,研究的较多的是心理学角度的个人特质对个体创业意愿的影响。钱永红研究了个人特质对男女创业意向的影响。对男性而言,个体对创业风险的规避很大程度上影响着个体对创业的态度,对风险越是采取规避的态度,个体选择创业的可能性就越小。而女性的创业意向更多受到个体对成就和自我价值追求的影响[4]。另有赵有声、潘新新对温州地区大学生的调查证实了个人特质对创业意愿有显著影响[5]。另外也有对大学生的学历、性别、专业等个体特征的研究;其次是对家庭因素方面的研究,主要涉及父母特质和父母从商经验对子女创业意愿的影响。Scherer等检验了父母角色模型对学生选择创业生涯的因素,其中创业效能感被作为学生创业偏好的测量指标[6];三是对学校因素方面的研究。对大学生创业意愿有影响的学校因素主要包括学校的创业教育和创业实践。毛雨等从创业教育的角度,研究学生在校经历、创业知识和创业能力对大学生创业意愿的影响。创业知识对创业意愿影响不显著,创业能力对创业意愿的影响作用较不明显[7]。冯磊等通过文献分析和实地访谈,界定了大学生创业技能维度和各要素的定义,构建了大学生创业技能各要素对其创业意愿的影响模型。结果发现,大学生创业技能各要素与其创业意愿均显著正相关。其中,风险承担能力、社交能力、自制能力、团队协作能力、创新能力、战略能力和承诺能力是影响大学生创业意愿的关键技能要素[8]。四是政策环境因素方面的研究。辜胜阻等对完善中国创业政策体系的对策进行了研究,从创业融资、创业服务、创业集群、创业教育和创业文化5个方面提出了完善中国创业政策体系和实施以创业带动就业的战略对策[9]。本文将从这四个因素出发,研究大学生创业意愿的影响因素。