摘要:幼儿在成长过程中,会按照他人的食物供给,能动地形成自己的饮食行为,其过程受生物、心理、家庭、社会等各方面的影响。合理、科学的营养及健康的饮食行为对幼儿生长发育有着非常重要的意义。当代幼儿最主要的生活场所是家庭和幼儿园,家、园对幼儿的饮食安排以及相关指导,都会影响幼儿的饮食行为。笔者选择了南京两所不同级别幼儿园的两个小班,按照饮食营养、饮食卫生、饮食方法和饮食礼仪四个维度对幼儿及家长进行了观察和问卷调查,结果表明:家、园双方都很重视对3-4岁幼儿健康饮食行为的培养,不仅关注幼儿饮食营养的摄入,也很关注幼儿良好饮食习惯的养成。3-4幼儿在园与在家的饮食行为在饮食内容、饮食行为自由性和个性化等方面有一定差异。笔者根据研究结果提出相关建议。
关键词:3-4岁幼儿 饮食行为 家园比较
Abstract:During growth, preschool children will actively form their own eating behaviors according to the food they are supplied with. Generally, this active process is affected by varieties of factors, such as physiology, psychology, family, and society. As they are in a relatively faster growing process, preschool children are supposed to have special demand for nutrition. Therefore, scientific supply of nutrition and healthy eating behaviors are of great significance to their growth. Regarding as the two main living areas for contemporary children, homes and kindergartens will both play key roles in affecting children’s eating behaviors as parents and teachers are in main charge of arranging food for their kids and instructing them in how to eat. Through observation and questionnaire survey on two reception classes respectively belonging to two kindergartens of different levels, the author of this essay discovers that both the parents and teachers have attached great importance to fostering their children’s healthy eating behaviors, while their methods are partly in controversy. Therefore, in this essay, the author will interpret children’s eating behaviors from four aspects of diet: nutrition, hygiene, methods, and etiquette, and hence propose several suggestions according to the research result.
Key words:Children from 3 to 4 years old , Eating behavior , The comparison of family and kindergarten
幼儿饮食行为是指幼儿为维持生命活动而摄取各类营养素的行为,是生活习惯的一部分。幼儿在成长过程中,会按照他人的食物供给,能动地形成自己的饮食行为,这种能动的过程受生物、心理、家庭、社会等各方面的影响。饮食行为对幼儿意义重大。学龄前幼儿生长发育快,对营养有特殊需求,合理、科学的营养及健康的饮食行为,对其身心成长发育及预防成年后慢性疾病的发生有着非常重要的作用。
当代幼儿最主要的生活场所是家庭和幼儿园,家、园对幼儿的的饮食安排以及家长和幼儿教师的相关指导,都会影响幼儿的饮食行为。有意思的是,大部分幼儿在园与在家的饮食行为都具有一定差异,部分幼儿的行为甚至大相径庭,有一些家长曾向笔者反映:“孩子在家不好好吃饭,到了幼儿园就乖多了。”也有一些幼儿的情况刚好相反:在家饮食情况良好,但教师常反映该幼儿在园“吃饭不好”。相关研究多从家庭或幼儿园单方面入手,笔者将研究点着眼于家园饮食行为对比,以期能够加强家园联系,促进家园互动,共同培养幼儿健康的饮食行为。
笔者选择3-4岁幼儿这一群体,是因为这个年龄阶段的幼儿具有特殊性。首先,这是大部分幼儿从家庭走向学校的转折点,家园差异开始逐渐形成;其次,这一阶段是生活自理能力显著增强的时期,也是在园生活习惯(包括饮食行为)的培养时期;第三,培养幼儿良好的饮食行为,越早越好。