托马斯·哈代是维多利亚时期著名现实主义作家,他的作品主要关于新兴的工业化和古老乡村地区之间的冲突。在他所有的作品中，德伯家的苔丝和无名的裘德是最出名的两部。德伯家的苔丝讲述的是一个乡村女孩的悲剧。苔丝是一个纯洁的十八岁少女，却被狡猾淫荡的亚力克·德伯维尔诱奸了。这个人本不姓德伯维尔，他的姓氏是从博物馆挑选的。那之后苔丝被视为堕落的女人。后来她去了奶牛场工作并在那里结识了一生的挚爱，安吉尔·克莱尔。经历了一系列的摇摆不定，他们结婚了。但婚后苔丝却因为坦诚了自己的过去而被丈夫抛弃。最后，苔丝刺死了亚力克，她自己也被处死。小说自出版以来受到了许多研究，研究的主题主要集中在苔丝的悲剧和悲剧的成因。西格蒙德·弗洛伊德是奥地利精神分析学家，建立了精神分析理论。根据他的理论，人格结构被划分为三部分：本我，自我和超我。本我是最原始的部分，包括欲望和本能，它追寻快乐原则。自我处在本我和超我之间，也可被看作是理智的本我。超我则是良心和道德原则。在这篇论文中，笔者将结合弗洛伊德的人格结构理论来分析女主角苔丝人格间的冲突。论文分为五个部分。第一个部分介绍弗洛伊德的人格结构理论。第二个部分分析失贞后的苔丝的人格冲突。第三个部分分析和安吉尔在一起时的苔丝自我，本我，超我间的冲突。第四个部分分析被安吉尔抛弃后的苔丝的人格冲突。最后一个部分阐释说明失衡的人格结构造成不健全的人格。
Thomas Hardy is a famous realistic English writer, living at the Victorian age. His works mainly concentrate on the conflicts between the newly-rising industrialization and the old rural areas. He wrote many literary works among which Tess of the d`Urbervilles is one of the most famous ones. Tess of the d`Urbervilles tells the tragic story of a country girl. She was a pure and innocent maiden of eighteen but unfortunately seduced by a foxy and lewd man called Alec dUrbervilles, whose family name was taken from museum. After that she was regarded as a woman of depravity. Later she went to work at a dairy farm and met her lifetime lover, Angel Clare. After hesitation and refusal, they got married. However, she was abandoned by her husband because of her past experience. At last, she killed Alec and was condemned to death.The novel has been studied by many researchers since its publication and most of the researches focus on the tragedy of Tess, as well as the causes. Sigmund Freud, an Austrian psychoanalyst, founded the psychoanalysis theory. According to the theory, personality consists of three parts: id, ego and superego. Id is the most primordial part, including genetic instinct and desire. Id follows the pleasure principle. Ego is between id and the outer world, or it can be regarded as the rational and realistic id. Superego is the moral principles and conscientiousness. In this thesis, the author analyzes the personality conflicts of the heroine Tess with the personality structure theory of Sigmund Freud. The thesis is divided into five parts. The first part introduces the theory of personality structure of Sigmund Freud. The next part analyzes the personality conflicts of Tess when she lost her virginity. The third part analyzes the personality conflicts of Tess when she stayed with Angel. The fourth part analyzes the personality conflicts of Tess after she was abandoned by Angel. The last part is about the unbalanced personality structure leading to diseased personality.
Ego mediates between Id and superego. It not only has to satisfy the demand of Id, but also adjust mental activities. Id, ego and superego are interdependent and conflict with each other. The healthy personality is unification of three above. If one of the three is over emphasized, the personality will become unsound just as Tess`s. Her Id and superego are not well integrated and unified, Id is over oppressed and superego is over emphasized which leads to the unhealthy personality of her. Or we can think in another way. Alec, Tess and Clare represent Tess`s id, ego and superego. Tess killed Alec, in fact, she killed id full of instinct desire. Clare is the incarnation of moral principle which is admired by Tess. The tragedy of Tess is not only caused by the historical and social environment of that time, but also herself. Though other people and the outer world had pushed her so much, herself failed to adjust the three parts of her personality. |
