摘要:国家豁免原则是以国家主权原则为基础派生出来的一个主要的国际法原则。其最早确立于19世纪中期。作为一项古老的国际法原则,它已经在各国国内及国际的立法司法实践中存在了数百年,经历了制度的萌芽,发展及成熟各个阶段,并逐渐转变为一项广为世界各国遵守的基本原则。针对如此重要的一项国际法原则,我国在制度构建上远远跟不上世界发展的步伐,在立法上,我国还没有一部完整的国家豁免法,仅有的一些规定零散地规定于不同的部门法中,在司法上也没有更多的司法案例值得借鉴。因此,国家主权豁免制度在我国的立法现状堪忧。本文将通过对国家豁免原则理论优劣的比较分析,提出我国在国家豁免问题上应该采取的立场及建议。
关键词:国家主权;国家主权豁免;相对豁免原则;绝对豁免原则
Abstract:State immunity is an important principle which comes from principle of state sovereignty.It is established in the 19th Century at earliest.It has existed for hundreds of years.As an ancient principle,it has came through all stages.From shoot to appearance,Principle of state immunities gradually becomes an basic principle which is observed by all the countries.But China can not keep up with other countries in the system construction.First of all we do not has the complete code of state immunity.There are only some scattered regulations which come from different department law.We even have not enough judicial precedents to use for reference.So the legislative situation of state immunity is really worth concerning now.This paper will explore the Chinese position and countermeasures which is based on the principle of State Immunity by means of merits analysis of State lmmunity’s theory.
Key words: National Sovereignty;State Sovereign Immunity; Relative Immunity;Absolute Immunity
国家豁免是一个十分古老的原则,最早确立于19世纪中期。在此之前早已存在于各国的外交豁免,国家君主豁免,国内的主权豁免都构成此原则的历史起源。所谓的国家主权豁免指的是在国际交往中,一国及其财产未经其同意免受其他国家的管辖与执行的权利。国家豁免有广义与狭义之分。广义的国家豁免指的是一国的立法,行政,司法未经其同意都免受他国的管辖,而狭义上的国家豁免则只指司法豁免,主要包括管辖豁免与执行豁免。管辖豁免指的是除非本国同意,一国法院不得受理以该国为被告或以该国家的财产作为诉讼标的物的案件。执行豁免则是指即使一国放弃了管辖豁免,参加了诉讼,但未经该国同意,其他国家也不得根据法院的判决对该国的财产实行强制执行。作为一项重要的国际法原则,在强调国家之间平等的竞争地位,尤其重视主权平等的今天发挥着尤其重要的作用。