刑法中的被害人承诺浅析.doc

摘要：被害人承诺作为一种违法阻却事由在国外刑法学界得到广泛的认可，并写入了一些国家的刑法典当中。但是我国刑法没有将被害人承诺规定为违法阻却事由，只是在司法实践中作为行为人的酌定量刑情节予以考虑，这极其容易造成量刑的不均。所以，基于维护行为人与被害人各自合法权益的需要，研究被害人承诺理论，对于正确理解被害人承诺的法律适用问题具有重要意义。本文拟在阐述被害人承诺阻却违法性的法理基础上，集合中外刑法学的相关理论，就被害人承诺的成立要件、有瑕疵承诺的处理以及被害人的推定承诺等若干问题展开论述。

关键词：被害人承诺；违法阻却事由；正当化根据；推定承诺

Abstract：The Victim as an illegal negates the subject is widely recognized in the foreign criminal law field, and write a pawn of some countries of the Criminal Code. Of the Criminal Law to lack of commitment to victims provisions of the Illegal Ground for Elimination, just be considered as a perpetrator of discretionary sentencing in the judicial practice, which is extremely likely to cause uneven sentencing. Therefore, based on the maintenance needs of the perpetrator and the victim of their own legitimate rights and interests of the victims commitment theory and application of correct understanding of the law of the victim promised great significance. This paper described the victim committed negates the illegality of the legal basis, a collection of Chinese and foreign theories of criminal law, and discusses the elements of the establishment of the Victim, flawed commitment to deal with, as well as the victims of the presumption of commitment.

Key words:Victim promise;Justifiable cause;The base of legal cause;Deducing promise

　　　被害人承诺在中国是一种超法规的违法阻却事由，仍不具备法律效力。笔者认为，若能够将被害人承诺作为正当防卫、紧急避险之外的违法阻却事由规定在中国刑法典中，将进一步完善中国的刑法典和刑法理论研究，更有利于为我国各级司法机关解决在中国司法实践中大量存在的刑事案件提供法律依据。

    笔者建议，应当在刑法总则中对被害人承诺作出原则性的规定，在分则中对存在被害人承诺的情节加以具体规定，对经承诺的行为予以合理的处断。具体有三个方面：第一，在刑法中规定被害人承诺、推定承诺为法定违法阻却事由。第二，将得到被害人承诺而实施的行为规定为特别的犯罪类型，如把经承诺的杀人行为和重伤害行为从普通的故意杀人罪和故意伤害罪中分离出来，成立单独的罪名；第三，在不以被害人的承诺为要件的犯罪中，经承诺所实施的行为的危害性明显减小，可成立与原来不同的犯罪。