摘要:沉默权是现代法治国家刑事司法制度的一项重要内容。建立沉默权制度,是我国依法治国的必然要求,它对完善我国的刑事诉讼制度具有深远的意义。随着中国与国际社会联系的日益密切,诉讼的民主化、科学化的深入发展以及实现司法公正、建设社会主义法治国家的内部要求,沉默权成了一个不容回避和须待解决的理论问题。
本文希望通过阐述沉默权的概念,沉默权在国外的起源及发展进程,沉默权在我国的发展情况,分析我国的现实情况,论证我国设立沉默权的现实需要,从而使在西方国家产生发展的沉默权能够结合我国国情,适合我国的司法制度,充分发挥其功能。
关键词:沉默权;人权保障;有限沉默权
Abstract:The right of silence is an important content in criminal and judicial system in modern countries with legal systems. Establishing the system of the right of silence is the essential requirement to rule our country in accordance with law, and of far-reaching importance in the improvement of the criminal procedure system of our country. With the connection of China and the international society becoming more and more close, with the deeply improvement of the democratization and scientificalization of litigation, and with the interior requirement of building a socialist country under the rule of law, the right of silence has become a unavoidable and must-be-solved theoretical issue.
This essay, by elaborating the definition of the right of silence, illustrating the origin and development progress of the right of silence abroad, and stating the development situation of the right of silence in our country, is to analyze the current situation of our country, to demonstrate the reality need of establishing the right of silence, and to make the right of silence that emerged in western countries suitable for the national conditions and judicial system of our country in order to give full play of its function.
Key words:Right of silence;the guarantee of human rights;limited right of silence
笔者认为,应该建立有限沉默权。必须在刑诉法中明确规定犯罪嫌疑人、被告人享有沉默权,去掉现有刑诉法中的类似第93条关于“如实”陈述义务的规定条文。同时,我们必须结合我国实际和打击刑事犯罪的需要,规定一些沉默权的例外情况,在这些情况下,当事人不享有沉默权。如对追诉方提出的有关程序性问题,像表明其身份关系的年龄、单位、住址等问题,当事人不享有沉默权;又如是否行使法定权利的问题,像是否申请回避等,当事人不应享有沉默权;再如在一些非依当事人的口供极难破案的特殊的罪案,像贪污受贿犯罪、恐怖犯罪、有组织犯罪、黑社会犯罪、毒品犯罪和流窜犯罪等罪案中的当事人不享有沉默权,但他们可以充分行使辩护权;再如在一些紧急情况下,如果不讯问则可能对公共安全或他人的生命财产安全有现实的重大威胁的情况下,当事人也不享有沉默权等。
沉默权是人类文明发展到一定阶段的必然产物,是司法程序日益趋向文明的重要标志,它的产生和发展经历了一个漫长的过程。我国建立沉默权制度有其内在的客观规律,我们应在充分尊重国情的基础上,认真研究、吸收和借鉴沉默权的精髓,积极而又稳妥地建立起适合我国国情的沉默权制度,进一步实现中国刑事诉讼制度的民主化和现代化。