摘 要:对于人类社会而言，所谓水源危机，实质是指淡水危机。解决水源危机的根本出路，只能是向占据地球水量97%以上的海洋索取淡水。
海水淡化是21世纪解决水源紧缺的根本措施。太阳能是太阳内部连续不断的核聚变反应过程产生的能量，既是一次能源，又是可再生能源。它资源丰富，既可免费使用，又无需运输，对环境无任何污染。太阳能海水淡化方法可分为直接法和间接法两大类。直接法是将集能部分和脱盐部分集于一体的方法。而间接法是将集能部分和脱盐部分分开的方法。一般来说，直接法占地面积较大，且效率低，在早期的海水淡化中应用较多，目前开发的太阳能海水淡化系统主要以间接法为主。
本文设计一种太阳能光伏发电反渗透海水淡化系统，该系统主要由太阳能供电系统和反渗透系统组成，太阳能供电系统则由太阳能电池、蓄电池和直交变换器组成；脱盐系统则由海水取水、预处理、反渗透系统和排水系统等组成。主要研究内容有：1）太阳能供电系统的初步设计，主要包括太阳能电池负荷计算、蓄电池组负荷计算及选型、交直流逆变器的选型等；2）脱盐系统的设计，主要包括海水取水、预处理和反渗透系统的设计，主要设备（如高压泵、反渗透膜、过滤器等）的选型；3）太阳能光伏发电反渗透海水淡化系统的性能初步分析，主要包括系统的单位能量产水率和日产水率等主要性能参数的计算。
关键词：海水淡化，太阳能光伏发电，反渗透系统
Abstract:For the human society， the so-called water crisis is real. Fundamental way to solve the water crisis can only be to occupy more than 97% of Earth's ocean water obtained from fresh water.
Desalination to solve water shortage in the 21st century， the fundamental measures. Solar energy is the sun's nuclear fusion reactions within a continuous process of the energy generated by both the primary energy， but also renewable energy. It is rich in resources， both free， and no transport， no pollution to the environment. Solar desalination methods can be divided into direct and indirect two categories. Direct method is to set and partially set in one part of the desalination method. The indirect method is to set and partially separated from the method of desalination. In general， the larger area of the direct method， and the low efficiency of water desalination in the early application of more， the development of solar desalination system based mainly on indirect methods.
This design of a solar photovoltaic reverse osmosis desalination system， the system consists of solar power supply system and reverse osmosis system components， solar power system from solar cells， batteries， and orthogonal converter composition; from sea-water desalination system ， Pretreatment， reverse osmosis systems and drainage systems and other components. The main contents are： 1） the preliminary design of solar power supply system， including solar load calculations， load calculations and selection of batteries， AC-DC inverter type selection; 2） desalination system design， including sea water， pretreatment and reverse osmosis system design， major equipment （such as high pressure pumps， reverse osmosis membranes， filters， etc.） selection; 3） solar photovoltaic reverse osmosis desalination preliminary analysis of performance of the system， including system Water production rate per unit energy and water production rate at the main performance parameters of the calculation.
Keyword： Sea water desalination， Solar photovoltaic power generation， Reverse osmosis system
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