[摘要] 以恋爱和婚姻为题材的作品,在《诗经》中占有很大比重,其中,女性形象的悲剧色彩促成了其爱情诗的千古不衰。《诗经》中所有婚恋悲剧,按其揭示的主题划分不外两大类:追求自由的悲剧和追求专一的悲剧。通过对《诗经》弃妇诗中的女性分析,我们看到了先秦时代女子婚恋的不幸,但是同样从她们身上看到了对爱情的专一和执着,以及对自我价值的肯定,纵使那样的行为在今天看来微不足道,可是这些女性自我意识却值得我们认可、赞赏。
[关键词]:诗经 爱情 悲剧 反抗
[Abstract] The works are being of love and marriage which take large proportion in the Book of Songs. During them (among them), tragical shade of female images contribute to the eternity of the love poetry. All the marriage tragedies in the Book of Songs can be divided into two different kinds: tragedy of seeking freedom; tragedy of seeking specificity. By analyzing the females in the deserted wife poetry, we can know about the misfortune of female’s marriage in Pre Qing dynasty. However, the specificity and insistence of love and affirmation of self-worth are noticed. The female self-awareness is worthy to be approved and appreciated, although these behaviors seem to be insignificant at the present.
[Key words] The book of songs; Love; Tragedy; Defiance
《诗经》是我国诗歌的源头,千载以来,其能感动一代又一代读者。《诗经》爱情诗中女性形象本身固有的悲剧色彩已经促成了它的久唱不衰。
我国古代的文论家们一直都非常重视文学作品中所包含的悲哀情绪,他们认为悲剧最具打动人的魅力。颜延之、钟嵘、刘勰、沈约等都在自己的批评性著作中论述了诗善写悲情的特点,及他们以前的诗着重写悲情的倾向。魏晋南北朝时期是我国文学批评的盛世,当时的评论家们都重视悲情的表现,且向我们揭示了一个道理:悲哀怨恻之情比喜悦欢乐之情更具打动人的力量,悲剧有更强的感染力。
但《诗经》爱情诗是以情、而尤以悲情取胜。刘勰也认为:“昔《诗》人什篇,……志思蓄愤,而吟咏情性,此乃为情而文也。”[1]朱熹有着类似的论断:“凡《诗》之所为风音,……所谓男女相与歌,各言其情者也。”[2]他们都肯定了《诗经》之抒情,尤其是抒悲情的美学特征。而作为本身就是言情之作的爱情诗,在抒女性哀怨凄恻之情方面则更胜一筹,而女性形象的悲剧色彩也成就了《诗经》的爱情诗。